Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis is a gynecologic disorder that affects the uterus, causing the tissue that normally lines the uterus to grow into the muscular wall of the organ. It causes your uterus to thicken and enlarge—to double or triple its normal size. This enlargement can cause painful periods, heavy or extended menstrual flow that clots, and abdominal/pelvic pain.

Causes and Risk Factors for Adenomyosis

The cause is not well understood, but several factors may contribute to its development, including:

·      Age– It is most common in women in their 40s and 50s.

·      Uterine surgeries– like dilation and curettage (D&C) or cesarean section

·      Childbirth– Having a history of childbirth, especially multiple pregnancies.

·      Invasive tissue growth

Other risk factors include a history of endometriosis and certain medical conditions such as pelvic inflammatory disease.

Symptoms of Adenomyosis

While some people with this condition have no symptoms, others may experience symptoms such as:

• Heavy and prolonged menstrual period
• Severe menstrual cramping
• Pelvic pain
• Feeling of fullness or abdominal bloating
• Enlarged uterus
• Pain during intercourse

Difference between Adenomyosis and Endometriosis:

Adenomyosis and endometriosis are both conditions where endometrial-like tissue grows outside the uterus. However, the difference lies in where the tissue grows. 

·      Adenomyosis– the tissue grows in the muscle wall of the uterus.

·      Endometriosis– the tissue grows outside the uterus, such as on the ovaries, vagina, or fallopian tubes. 

Both conditions can cause pain and heavy periods. However, adenomyosis is more likely to cause heavy bleeding.

Complications Of Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis causes heavy monthly flow. This increases the risk of anemia. Anemia occurs when your body lacks iron-rich red blood cells. Anemia may make you feel:

·      Tired or cold

·      Lightheadedness

·      Dizzy

·      Shortness of breath

Diagnosing Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of symptoms and medical tests, including:

1.  Ultrasound: Transvaginal ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of pelvic organs. This can reveal the thickening of the uterine wall.

2.  Pelvic Exam: Healthcare providers may detect adenomyosis during a pelvic exam when they observe an enlarged, softer uterus that is tender upon touch.

3.  Imaging Scans: MRI scans offer detailed images of the uterus, revealing enlargement and thickened areas linked to this condition.

In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to rule out other serious conditions. During a biopsy, tissue samples are collected and examined for signs of more severe diseases.

Treatment and Management

Treatments for adenomyosis include:

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs medications to ease cramping.
• Hormonal medications to help with menstruation and abnormal bleeding. 
• Nonhormonal medication to reduce the amount of vaginal bleeding.
• Surgery such as:
  • Adenomyomectomy to remove adenomyosis from your uterine muscle. 
  • Hysterectomy: This surgery removes your uterus. 

Prevention

As the cause of adenomyosis is not well understood, there are no known prevention methods. However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet, may help reduce the risk of developing the condition.

When to Seek Further Medical Help

Seek medical help in case of:

·      Severely painful cramps

·      Painful intercourse

·      Extremely heavy periods

·      Feeling full or heavy in your abdomen.

These symptoms may be a sign of adenomyosis or another medical condition. 

Your healthcare provider can perform a physical exam and recommend appropriate diagnostic tests, such as an ultrasound or MRI, to determine the cause of your symptoms.

Adenomyosis is normally not life-threatening, but it can cause significant bleeding. If you experience symptoms of this condition, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.